盘点GMAT逻辑常考五大考点丨值得收藏

备考GMAT的同学都知道，在GMAT的verbal部分里包含，句子改错SC、逻辑推理CR、阅读理解RC

三大题型，这三大题型各有特点，那CR其实是最考察考生，是否具备一个良好的逻辑能力

以及决策能力的部分了。今天申友GMAT，邀请了申友GMAT逻辑名师来给大家梳理一下CR部分的考点。

首先，很多同学以为CR的考点就是增强削弱评价。这种说法是不恰当的，一个完整的论证，可以通过其他一些陈述反驳或支持该论证，这就构成了我们的CR题目，所以增强削弱不属于考点，只是一种提问形式。

那CR的考点都有哪些呢？换句话说，我们CR考察大家的是什么，申友GMAT给大家总结了CR五大考点：

（1）一般推理

（2）类比推理

（3）目标管理

（4）财商思维

（5）boldface

分别对应了考生作为一个管理者必须具备的5种思维：归纳演绎、类比思维、以结果为导向的思维、基本和钱有关的商业思维，以及不同句子（事件）之间关系的判断思维。

1、一 般 推 理

占比最大，主要包括增强和削弱两大问法，以下分别举2个列题说明：

（1）增强

增强题目，需要我们在选项中找到一个条件使得结论更有可能成立。这个条件我们并不需要他们完全成立，但是如果这个条件会使得结论更有可能成立。

Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument/conclusion above?

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the archaeologists ‘hypothesis?

Which of the following, if true, most strongly justifies the claim made by the argument?

Certain groups of Asian snails include both “left-handed” and “right-handed” species, with shells coiling to the left and right, respectively. Some left-handed species have evolved from right-handed ones. Also, researchers found that snail eating snakes in the same habitat have asymmetrical jaws, allowing them to grasp right-handed snail shells more easily. If these snakes ate more right-handed snails over time, this would have given left-handed snails an evolutionary advantage over right-handed snails, with the left-handed snails eventually becoming a new species. Thus, the snakes' asymmetrical jaws probably helped drive the emergence of the left-handed snail species.

Which of the following would, if true, most strengthen the argument that asymmetrical snake jaws helped drive left-handed snail evolution?

A. In one snake species, the snakes with asymmetrical jaws eat snails, while the snakes with symmetrical jaws do not eat snails.

B. Some species of Asian snails contain either all right-handed snails, or all lefthanded snails.

C.Anatomical differences prevent left-handed snails from mating easily with right-handed snails.

D. Some right-handed snails in this habitat have shells with a very narrow opening that helps prevent snakes from extracting the snails from inside their shells.

E Experiments show that the snail-eating snakes in this habitat fail more often in trying to eat left-handed snails than in trying to eat right-handed snails.

解析:

逻辑链：蛇更容易吃右撇子蜗牛---最后左撇子蜗牛会成为新物种。问增强

A.在一种蛇中，嘴不对称的蛇吃蜗牛，而嘴对称的蛇不吃蜗牛。讨论不同种类蛇的吃食习惯，无关

B.一些蜗牛包括左右撇子。重复原文已知

C.交配的问题。无关

D.解释蛇不容易吃右撇子的原因。攻击并否定前提

E.实验表明吃蜗牛的蛇在尝试吃左撇子蜗牛上比尝试右撇子蜗牛上更容易失败---正确，能够解释。

（2）削弱

削弱题目，需要我们在选项中找到一个条件使得结论更有可能不成立，或者推断不出结论。削弱方向有他因削弱，因果倒置等。

Which of the following, if true, casts most serious doubt on the argument?

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines that reasoning?

Which of the following, if true, most seriously/substantially weakens the argument?

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the force of the evidence cited?

Mall owner: Our mall's occupancy rate is so low that we are barely making a profit. We cannot raise rents because of an unacceptably high risk of losing established tenants. On the other hand, a mall that is fully occupied costs about as much to run as one in which a rental space here and a rental space there stands empty. Clearly, therefore, to increase profits we must sign up new tenants.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

A.The mall's operating costs could be cut by consolidating currently rented spaces in such a way that an entire wing of the mall could be closed up.

B.The mall is located in a geographic area in which costs incurred for air-conditioning in the hot summers exceed those incurred for heating in the mid winters by a wide margin.

C.The mall's occupancy rate, though relatively low, has been relatively stable for several years.

D.The mall lost tenants as a result of each of the two major rent increases that have occurred there.

E.None of the mall's established tenants is likely to need additional floor space there in the foreseeable future.

解析: 逻辑链

to increase profits ---- must sign up new tenants.

A 仓库的运营成本可以靠关掉整个侧翼的仓库来压缩；他因削弱，压缩成本（他因）以提高利润，正确

B 仓库所在地区夏天空调成本超过冬天制热成本很多；谈夏冬代价，无关比较。

C 仓库的使用率虽然低但很稳定；与利润无关，排除。

D 两次租金上调损失了大量客户；谈过去损失客户的原因，无关。

E 现在的租客以后不太可能扩大面积；租客的主观表达，本质无关。

2、类 比 思 维

一般会有两个对象进行相同点和不同点的比较。相同点是增强，不同点是削弱。

类比推理是指根据两个对象某些相同或相似属性，通过比较类推出它们在其他属性上也相同，从而证明论点的推理方法。所以判断一道题是不是类比推理题包含两个要素：第一是题干叙述中出现了两个相似的。第二是叙述中要有相同或者不同的含义。如果用常见的逻辑题分析形式表达即为：前提：A和B相似；条件：A有某个特点；结论：B也有这个特点。而解题方法其实很清晰，如果是增强题，则找两个事物的相同点。如果是削弱题，则找不同点。

Although the discount stores in Goreville's central shopping district are expected to close within five years as a result of competition from a Spendless discount department store that just opened, those locations will not stay vacant for long. In the five years since the opening of Colson's, a nondiscount department store, a new store has opened at the location of every store in the shopping district that closed because it could not compete with Colson's.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

(A) Many customers of Colson's are expected to do less shopping there than they did before the SpendLess store opened.

(B) lncreasingly, the stores that have opened in the central shopping district since Colson's opened have been discount stores.

(C)At present, the central shopping district has as many stores operating in it as it ever had.

(D)Over the course of the next five years, it is expected that Goreville's population will grow at a faster rate than it has for the past several decades.

(E)Many stores in the central shopping district sell types of merchandise that are not available at either SpendLess or Colson's.

解析:

逻辑链:

①G竞争不过S，S店出现（打折）→旁边的店倒闭→argument：倒闭店址也会有新店开（因为不会空太久)

②C店出现（不打折）→旁边的店倒闭→倒闭店址有新折扣店开

A. 客户被预计科尔森的许多顾客在那里购物的次数要比这家铺子开张前少。expected，主观，排除

B. 在Ｃ附近开的店是打折店增多。正确，类比之后从两个方面削弱，从点的数量和店的性质（打折的）上削弱。

C. 目前，中央购物区经营的商店和以往一样多。店的数量与过去的数量对比，原文说新店会开张因为没竞争，无关

D. 在接下来的五年里，预计Goreville的人口增长速度将超过过去几十年。人口增加，无关

E. 中心店铺卖的东西在其他店里买不到，原文从头到尾都在谈论倒闭的问题，没说到过卖什么东西的问题，无关。

3、目 标 管 理

作为管理者一定要以结果为导向，抓住核心目标，目标不能找错或者是无效目标。

目标管理题作为逻辑题中一种特殊的题型，考查的是与目标达成与否相关的逻辑，主要以2种形式出现：

① 帮助目标达成（即增强题）

② 阻碍目标达成（即削弱题）。

面对这类题，同学们首先要做的就是看清目标，即题干中“in order to/ to”后面的是什么，然后对题干的plan（即方案）进行化简，并提取出逻辑链，最后判断逻辑方向（看是要增强还是削弱）。正确选项必须与目标高度相关，且符合题干要求的逻辑方向。

To improve the long-term savings rate of the citizens of Levaska, the country's legislature decided to implement a plan that allows investors to save up to $1,000 per year in special accounts without paying taxes on the interest earned unless withdrawals are made before the investor reaches age sixty-five. Withdrawals from these accounts prior to age sixty-five would result in the investor's having to pay taxes on all the accumulated interest at the time of withdrawal.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the prediction that the legislature's plan will have its intended effect?

（A）The money saved in the tax-free savings accounts will be deposited primarily in those banks and financial institutions that supported the legislation instituting the plan.

（B）The majority of people choosing to take advantage of the tax-free savings accounts will withdraw their money prior to age sixty-five.

（C）A significant number of the citizens of Levaska will invest in the tax-free savings accounts well before they reach the age of sixty-five.

（D）During the ten years prior to implementation of the plan, Levaskans deposited an increasingly smaller percentage of their annual income in long-term savings accounts.

（E）People who are not citizens of Levaska are not eligible to invest in the tax-free savings accounts, even if their income is taxable in Levaska.

解析:

逻辑链：

65岁之前取---付全部利息

65岁之前不取---可以享受该账户且不付利息

目标:提高了居民存款率

计划问以下哪个选项说明立法机构的计划实现？

A. 免利息税的这笔钱将会被放在支持立法机构计划的银行和金融机构中。这与是否实现提高长期存款率无关。

B. 大部分选择了存款到免利息税账户的人将会在65岁之前提前支取。与逻辑相反。

C. 很大一部分居民会在他们65岁前将钱存入免息账户。说明提高了居民存款率，正确

D. 在计划完成的前十年，L提高了长期存款的年利率。这并不能说明立法机构希望存款率增长的计划成功

E. 那些不是L居民的人不能享受该计划，即使他们的收入在L是应纳税的。与逻辑无关，错误

4、财 商 思 维

和钱挂钩的，财政、税收、成本、利润等。

Letter to the editor: Our city plans to allow major commercial development along the south waterfront and, in so doing, to increase its tax revenue. But, to succeed commercially, the development would inevitably create far more road traffic than the existing roads to the waterfront can handle, causing serious congestion. Providing enough roads or public transportation to the area would cost far more than the city could gain from the increased tax revenue.

Which of the following, if added to the city's plan, would be most likely to help solve the problem the letter describes?

（A）Funding construction of new roads to the waterfront with a system of tolls on the new roads to the waterfront

（B）Allowing residential development along the waterfront so that there will be waterfront residents who can walk to the commercial development

（C）Giving tax breaks to developers of businesses along the waterfront to offset any tax levied on them for construction of roads or public transportation

（D）Evaluating the net benefits that the commercial development would bring to the city in terms of improved quality of life for the city's residents rather than in financial terms

（E）Allowing commercial development in other city neighborhoods whose roads are not seriously congested with traffic

解析:

逻辑链:

前提commercial development---increase tax

结论：more roads----costs more

A. 资助兴建通往海旁的新道路，并在通往海旁的新道路实施收费制度。----------收钱了，缓解了资金不足的情况。

B. 容许沿海旁的住宅发展，使海旁居民可步行前往商业发展。-----走过去又怎样？不能脑补走过去之后就带来经济发展和消费了，无关，排除。

C. 和钱有关，但是把商户的税收减缓了，还是不能弥补修路的投资。方向相反。

D. 评估商业发展将给城市带来的净效益，以改善城市居民的质量，而不是从财政角度。--------太宽泛，不切实际，无关和钱无关

E. 允许在道路交通不严重拥挤的其他城市社区进行商业开发-----无关，和钱无关，不能切实解决问题

5、Boldface

句子关系题，判断两个黑体之间的本质关系从而做出判断。
黑体题目是我们需要判断论证中的黑体部分在论证中起到了什么角色。BOLDFACE通常比较好判断，在题干部分已经将需要判断的部分黑体。

题干标识：In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

Most of Western music since the Renaissance has been based on a seven-note scale known as the diatonic scale, but when did the scale originate? A fragment of a bone flute excavated at a Neanderthal campsite has four holes, which are spaced in exactly the right way for playing the third through sixth notes of a diatonic scale. The entire flute must surely have had more holes, and the flute was made from a bone that was long enough for these additional holes to have allowed a complete diatonic scale to be played. Therefore, the Neanderthals who made the flute probably used a diatonic musical scale.

In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

（A）The first introduces evidence to support the main conclusion of the argument; the second is the main conclusion stated in the argument.

（B）The first introduces evidence to support the main conclusion of the argument; the second presents a position to which the argument is opposed.

（C）The first describes a discovery as undermining the position against which the argument as a whole is directed; the second states the main conclusion of the argument.

（D）The first introduces the phenomenon that the argument as a whole seeks to explain; the second presents a position to which the argument is opposed.

（E）The first introduces the phenomenon that the argument as a whole seeks to explain; the second gives a reason to rule out one possible explanation.

解析：

做好黑体题要明确：

①两黑体属性：是否是条件-结论。或者其他。

②两黑体之间关系：同向；异向

由于题干完全没有任何转折,全是支持,所以选项中第二句话只要出现反对的都可以排,排除BDE。

比较AC的第一句话,C的第一句 也是反对的,意思是:第一句削弱了一个整段都反对的立场。第一个黑体没有取反驳的意思，排除，

选A，条件+结论

以上，希望大家好好练习，趁这段特殊时期好好沉淀，把握CR的精炼关系，通过题目不断练习思维方式，才是取胜的关键，加油！

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